Ibisobanuro
Hamwe niterambere ryinganda zigezweho, inganda - inganda za karubone zahindutse byanze bikunze. Mu nganda zinyuranye, hashyizweho - imikorere ningufu - kuzigama ubushyuhe bwo kuzigama kugirango hasimburwe ibikoresho gakondo byo guhanahana ubushyuhe. Nyamara, kunoza imikorere yo guhana ubushyuhe byonyine ntibishobora kugera ku mbaraga nziza - ingaruka zo kuzigama kuri sisitemu zose zibyara umusaruro.
Hashingiwe ku mikorere ifatika mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli, iyi mpapuro isubiramo aho ikoreshwa ry’ubwoko butandukanye bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe, iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga - tekinoroji yo kuzigama, ndetse n’iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi mu gukuraho amakosa no kuvura amakosa. Icyerekezo gishya cyubushakashatsi nacyo kirasabwa.
Guhindura ubushyuhe, bizwi kandi ko bihindura ubushyuhe, ni igikoresho gikoreshwa cyane cyane kugirango ugere ku bushyuhe hagati y’amazi atandukanye. Mugihe cyo gukora peteroli, itangazamakuru ritunganya akenshi rikeneye gushyuha cyangwa gukonjeshwa. Ukurikije imikorere itandukanye hamwe nibisabwa kugirango habeho umusaruro, ubwoko butandukanye bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe burashobora gutoranywa kugirango amazi yatunganijwe agera kurwego rwubushyuhe bukenewe kandi yujuje ibisabwa muburyo bwo gutunganya imiti.
Bitewe n'amahame n'imikorere byayo, guhinduranya ubushyuhe bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byose byo gutunganya. Nibikoresho byingenzi bigamije kugenzura ubushyuhe bukwiye bwamazi yatunganijwe, gukomeza imikorere ihamye ya sisitemu yo gutunganya, no kugarura ubushyuhe bwimyanda yo kubungabunga ingufu. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda za peteroli, byerekana igice kinini cyibiciro byo gushora ibikoresho. Gukoresha ingufu zijyanye no gutakaza ibyuma nabyo ni ibintu byingenzi bisaba kwitabwaho.
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1.1 Gushyira mu bikorwa Ubushyuhe bwo Guhindura Ubushyuhe mu Kugarura Ubushyuhe
Ubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwakoreshejwe neza mugihe gikabije cyo kugarura imyanda munganda za peteroli, cyane cyane mubikorwa birimo lisansi nyinshi -.
Mubikorwa bya peteroli-chimique, hejuru - gushyushya ubushyuhe nibikoresho byo guturika ni ngombwa. Kurugero, mugukora olefine yoroheje, hejuru - ubushyuhe bwa peteroli naftha yamenagura itanura rikoreshwa. Ubushyuhe bwa gaze ya gaz buva mu itanura irashobora kugera kuri dogere 200-400. Bitewe n’ibidukikije bikabije, gaze imyanda ikomoka ntishobora gusohoka mu kirere.
Guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwumuyaga uhinduranya ubushyuhe birashobora gukoresha ubushyuhe busigaye buva mu myuka isohoka kugeza ubushyuhe bwo gutwika, kuzamura ingufu mu gihe bigabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije.
Mu myaka yashize, uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa tubular bwakoreshejwe henshi haba mu gihugu ndetse no mumahanga kugirango bugere ku mbaraga nziza - kuzigama no gutunganya imyanda. Ibikorwa nyamukuru byo kubyaza umusaruro bigaragara mu gishushanyo 1.
1.2 Gushyira mu bikorwa Ubushyuhe bwa Baffle Ubushyuhe mu Gukonjesha no Guhana Ubushyuhe
Guhindura ubushyuhe bwa baffle ni ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byo hejuru - ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe. Igitekerezo cyacyo cyaturutse ku buryo bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa plaque bwatanzwe na sosiyete ya Rosenbland yo muri Suwede mu 1930, nyuma ikaba yarahawe patenti. Nyuma, ibihugu birimo Ubwongereza, Amerika, Ubudage, n'icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti byateje imbere kandi bikora ibikoresho bisa.
Ubushinwa bwatangiye kwinjiza no gukoresha ubwo buhanga mu nganda z’imiti mu myaka ya za 1950. Mu myaka ya za 1960 rwagati, abakora mu gihugu bari bageze ku musaruro mwinshi binyuze mu kuzunguruka. Mu 1973, Ubushinwa bwakusanyijeImfashanyigisho yo gutoranya isahani ya spiral Ubushyuhe bwo gushushanya. Ibipimo bigezweho, JB / T4751Isahani yubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya(2003 Edition), yerekana urwego rwiterambere rwikoranabuhanga rya tekinike yo guhanahana ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa.
Ugereranije no guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa gakondo, guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa plaque ya plaque bifite ibyiza birimo coefficient zoherejwe nubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe nubushobozi - ubushobozi bwisuku buterwa n’imivurungano y’amazi, ifasha kwirinda kwirundanya kwimyanda.
Kubwibyo, mu nganda zikomoka kuri peteroli, guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa plaque ikoreshwa cyane cyane muburyo bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha birimo lisansi, lisansi ya mazutu, amazi ya amoniya, amazi ya chlorine, brine, acide ikomeye, alkalis ikomeye, na azote - hydrogen - imyuka ivanze na amoniya.
Zikoreshwa kandi cyane mubushuhe, gukonjesha, kondegeranya, hamwe na sisitemu yo gushya kuri alcool, resin, urea, monomers ntoya, olefine polymerized, nibindi bicuruzwa bifitanye isano.
Hao Zhenliang n'abandi. mubushakashatsi bwize isano iri hagati yigikonoshwa - umuvuduko wumuvuduko nigabanuka ryumuvuduko, itandukaniro ryigikonoshwa - kuruhande rwohereza ubushyuhe bwa convective hamwe numubare wa Reynolds (Re) na numero ya Nusselt (Nu), hamwe nigikonoshwa - coefficente yubushyuhe bwo kugabanuka kubice byumuvuduko ukabije wa baffle hamwe na baffle bahinduranya ubushyuhe.
Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwatanze ubuyobozi bwo guhitamo ibikoresho mubihe bitandukanye. Imyanzuro nyamukuru niyi ikurikira:
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. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, utitaye ku mpande zatoranijwe, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko bikomeza kuba munsi ugereranije no guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa baffle.
. Iyo inguni ihindagurika igera kuri dogere 40, coefficente yohereza ubushyuhe bwa convective igera ku giciro cyayo kinini, bikavamo ibikorwa byinshi byo kohereza ubushyuhe muri rusange.
1.3 Ingufu - Kuzigama Gukoresha Hejuru - Guhindura Isahani yubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya ibicuruzwa mu gutunganya amavuta
Hagati na nini - inganda zitunganya amavuta, hashobora kubaho guhanahana ubushyuhe hafi 400 bwubwoko butandukanye. Sisitemu akenshi ikora munsi yumuvuduko mwinshi nubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, shell - na - guhanahana ubushyuhe bigeze ku rwego rwo gukora umuvuduko wa 8.4 MPa hamwe nubushyuhe bwa dogere 1500, hamwe n’ahantu hohereza ubushyuhe bugera kuri 6.700 m².
Bitewe nigiciro kinini cyubwubatsi bwa peteroli yo mumazi, guhanahana amasahani yo gusudira yakoreshejwe cyane mugukora peteroli yo hanze kubera imiterere yoroheje, igishushanyo mbonera, imikorere myiza yo kohereza ubushyuhe, nigiciro gito.
Mubikorwa byabo byingenzi birimo gukonjesha amavuta yo gusiga hamwe namazi meza (nkamazi ya jacket ikonje). Mu murima wa peteroli, zirashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugushyushya amavuta ya peteroli nibindi bikorwa.
Ikibazo nyamukuru kiri mubishushanyo mbonera no kubara sisitemu yimikorere. Mu musaruro nyirizina, gutakaza ingufu akenshi biterwa nigishushanyo mbonera kidafite ishingiro.
Chen Jianwei n'abandi. yakoze ubushakashatsi bujyanye no kugabanuka k'umuvuduko wo kubara icyuma gikonjesha gikoreshwa mu gukoresha peteroli. Hashingiwe ku biranga guhanahana ubushyuhe n’amahame yo guhererekanya ubushyuhe, batekereje ko icyiciro cyamazi kumuyoboro utemba cyongera umurongo kandi kigashyiraho umubano hagati yuburebure bwumuyoboro, ubwiza bwumwuka mwinshi, nubwiza bwumuyaga mwinshi. Ibisubizo byo kubara byari bihuye namakuru yimikorere.
Imyanzuro nyamukuru niyi ikurikira:
. Ingero imwe - icyiciro cyimyanya cyangwa icyitegererezo cyoguhuza ibitsina ntigomba gukoreshwa nkibisimbuza kubara kwinshi. Icyitegererezo gitemba kigomba gukoreshwa.
(2) Mugihe cyo gukonjesha mubikorwa bya peteroli, inganda zishobora kubaho, bigatuma habaho firime zamazi hejuru yubushyuhe. Kubwibyo, mugihe uhitamo guhinduranya ubushyuhe buke nka plaque - guhanahana ubushyuhe, kugera kubishushanyo mbonera kandi byubukungu bisaba gutekereza kubintu byubatswe. Kongera gusa ahantu hohereza ubushyuhe no kongeramo umutekano ntibihagije.
1.4 Gushyira mu bikorwa Amafirime Yoroheje mu Kwibanda no Kuma
Impumuro nziza ya firime ikunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa bya peteroli nka soda ya caustic soda, sodium sulfide ihumeka, kumisha resin, no kumisha reberi. Zitanga inyungu zubukungu.
Ugereranije nibikoresho gakondo nkibikoresho byo guhumeka ibyuma, ibyuma bya firime yoroheje bigabanya ubushyuhe bwashyutswe nitanura ryamavuta yumuriro bifite ibyiza bikurikira:
(1) Ibikoresho ibirenge bishobora kugabanuka hafi 6%. Inzira ifasha guhumeka imashini, koroshya imikorere, no guhindura umusaruro mugihe kimwe mubikorwa bikomeza, bityo bikazamura imikorere yinganda.
(2) Iyobowe na scraper izunguruka, imikorere yo kohereza ubushyuhe iratera imbere cyane. Igihe cyo guhumeka hejuru gishobora kugabanuka kugeza munsi yiminota umwe, bikagabanya kwipima no kubika karubone. Ibicuruzwa ntibishobora kubora kandi birakwiriye ubushyuhe - ibikoresho byoroshye. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere yimyanda iragabanuka, bigatuma kubungabunga no gusukura byoroshye.
. Irashobora gukora ku bushyuhe bugera kuri dogere 300 mugihe ikomeza gukora neza mugihe kitari -.
. Mugihe kinini - kwagura umusaruro, gutandukana guterwa no kuzamuka ni bito.
Ariko, ibibazo bimwe bya tekiniki biracyahari mubikorwa bifatika.
For example, scraper grooves are usually made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which has excellent corrosion resistance but limited high-temperature resistance. One possible solution is to use materials such as graphite that provide both corrosion resistance and high-temperature resistance (>Impamyabumenyi 280).
Imiyoboro itunganijwe isanzwe ikorwa mu miyoboro idafite icyerekezo, ishobora gusaba gusimburwa hafi buri minsi 30. Iterambere rishoboka ni ugukoresha imiyoboro idafite ibyuma cyangwa imiyoboro hamwe na ruswa - irwanya imbere, nka fluoroplastique - itondekanya ubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe.
Byongeye kandi, ibibazo bya ruswa bifitanye isano na pompe zuzenguruka nabyo bisaba ibisubizo bindi.
2. Gukuraho amakosa no guhangana n’ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe mu nganda za peteroli;
Ku bwa Steinhagen n'abandi, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bwoko butandukanye bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe muri Nouvelle-Zélande bwerekanye ko abarenga 90% bahindura ubushyuhe bahuye n'ibibazo bibi. Kugereranya ibintu bibi muburyo butandukanye bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe byerekanwe mubishusho 2.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga bwerekana ko ikiguzi ngarukamwaka kijyanye no kuvura nabi mu gutunganya ibikomoka kuri peteroli n'inganda zikora imiti bigera kuri miliyoni 15.6, bikaviramo igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu no gukoresha umutungo.
Mubikorwa nyabyo mubikorwa bya peteroli, uburyo bwo gushiraho no gutondeka amakosa bishobora kugabanywa mubyiciro bikurikira:
Ingero mbi ya ruswa
Gukomera kwicyitegererezo
Ibikoresho byo hejuru - byatewe na moderi mbi
Gazi - icyiciro cyo gukora nabi
Imiti ikora nabi
Mugihe cyo guhanura no gusesengura ibikorwa bifatika, ikosa rishobora gushyirwa muburyo ukurikije ubwo buryo. Muguhitamo ubwoko bukwirakwiza ubushyuhe ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora no kubara intera isukuye neza, igihombo cyubukungu kirashobora kugabanuka.
Byongeye kandi, urebye ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - ibidukikije bikoresha ingufu za peteroli, uburyo nyamukuru bwo kuvura burimo:
Gutezimbere ubushyuhe
Uburyo bwo gukora isuku
Uburyo bwo gusukura imiti
Gukurikirana kumurongo hamwe nukuri - tekinoroji yo gukora igihe
3. Isesengura ryananiwe no gufata neza abahindura ubushyuhe mu nganda za peteroli
3.1 Kwirinda ruswa no kwambara mubahindura ubushyuhe
Mugihe cyimikorere yo guhanahana ubushyuhe mubikorwa bya peteroli, impanuka zangirika zikunze kugaragara. Ibyo kunanirwa birashobora guhagarika umusaruro uhamye kandi bifatwa nkimwe mubibazo bikomeye byibikoresho muri sisitemu ya peteroli.
Ibibazo nkibi byo kumeneka bishyirwa mubice byisuri no kumeneka. Ibisubizo biriho byibanda cyane cyane ku gusana ibikoresho byangiritse nyuma yo kunanirwa bibaye, kunoza imikorere yumusaruro kugirango wirinde kunanirwa, no kugabanya iyangirika ryibikoresho binyuze mu guhitamo neza ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe nubwoko.
3.1.1 Impamvu zitera ruswa no kwambara mubushuhe
Isesengura duhereye ku bikoresho fatizo
Ibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mubikorwa bya peteroli, cyane cyane amavuta ya peteroli, birimo ibintu bigoye bya chimique. Byongeye kandi, amavuta ya peteroli muri rusange afite ubukonje bwinshi kandi arimo ibice bikomeye byubunini budasanzwe.
Nkigisubizo, uburyo bukora buhuye nubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe buragoye cyane. Ibikoresho bikunze kwangizwa nubukanishi bwatewe no guterana kumubiri no kwangirika kwimiti.
Isesengura duhereye kubikorwa byimiti
The entire petrochemical production chain often involves high-temperature (>Impamyabumenyi 1000) hamwe na - imiterere yimikorere. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwangirika bushobora kubaho icyarimwe kandi bugakorana.
Kurugero, umuvuduko mwinshi ukenewe mugihe cyibikorwa byumusaruro nimpamvu itaziguye itera isuri, mugihe kandi byihutisha ibibazo byangirika.
Kubwibyo, kunanirwa guhindagura ubushyuhe, kumeneka no kwangirika mubisanzwe bifitanye isano ya hafi kandi birashobora gutera imbaraga zo guhuza byihutisha kwangirika kwibikoresho.
3.1.2 Itondekanya ry’ubushyuhe bwo kwangirika no kwambara no guhangana n’ibikorwa bya peteroli;
(1) Kwangirika kwubuso no kwambara byubushyuhe
Kwangirika kwubuso nimpamvu zikunze gutera ubushyuhe bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe, bingana na 90% byabanduye.
Itangazamakuru ryibikorwa bikoreshwa mubikorwa bya peteroli akenshi bigira urwego runaka rwubwiza no gufatana. Umuvuduko mwinshi - urimo ibintu bikomeye nuduce twinshi bigira ingaruka ku guhererekanya ubushyuhe, bikabyara ingufu zaho zigera kuri MPa 10, zishobora gutera isuri umunaniro no kwangirika kwicyuma.
Kubwibyo, ibisabwa mubikorwa bikunze kwerekana ko umuvuduko wo hagati wihuta ugomba kuba urenze 2 m / s.
(2) Amashanyarazi yangirika yatewe no kubitsa hejuru
Mugihe cyo gutunganya peteroli, itangazamakuru ritunganya ubusanzwe rifite ubukonje bwinshi kandi rishobora gukomera mugihe runaka. Ibi birashobora gutuma ibikoresho byegeranya hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru no kubitsa.
Ibiranga ibintu bidahungabana, bidahagarikwa, kandi bitaringaniye biranga ayo kubitsa birashobora gukurura ibice. Itandukaniro ryimyuka ya ogisijeni hagati yimbere ninyuma yibi byuho irashobora gukurura amashanyarazi.
Ibijyanye na ruswa bifitanye isano ahanini harimo:
Ibyuma byo gusesa ibyuma, aribyo okiside ya anodic;
Kugabanya Cathodic reaction;
Kwiyongera kwangirika kwangirika guterwa nuburinganire bwamashanyarazi.
(3) Kwangirika kuruhande rwamazi hejuru yigituba cyo guhinduranya ubushyuhe
Muri sisitemu yo guhanahana ubushyuhe, amazi akoreshwa kenshi nkuburyo bwo guhererekanya ubushyuhe, bigatuma amazi - kwangirika kuruhande ari ikibazo rusange.
Uburyo nyamukuru bwo kwangirika burimo:
Kugabanya agaciro ka pH;
Amazi yinjira mu mazi;
Igitero cyatewe na ogisijeni yashonze;
Chloride ion (Cl⁻) kubora;
Sulfide ion (S²⁻) kwangirika.
Izi reaction zishobora kugabanywamo ruswa ya chimique na ruswa ya electrochemic.
Ibisabwa kugirango ruswa - ibikoresho birwanya kuruhande rwamazi yigituba cyo guhinduranya ubushyuhe harimo:
Ubushuhe bwiza bwumuriro hamwe nubuso bukomeye;
Kurwanya bihebuje kurwanya ubushyuhe no gukomera bihagije;
Kurwanya cyane ion kubora;
Imikorere myiza yo kurwanya -;
Kurwanya bihebuje kurwanya imyuka y'amazi.
3.1.3 Uburyo bwo Kurinda Ruswa Uburyo bwo Guhana Ubushyuhe
Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwo kurinda ruswa uburyo bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe mu nganda za peteroli zirimo ahanini:
(1) Kurinda anode yigitambo
Ubu buryo burinda ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe ukoresheje icyuma gikora cyane nka anode yo gutamba kugirango wirinde kwangirika kwibikoresho nyamukuru.
(2) Gutezimbere no gushyira mubikorwa anti -
Kurwanya ruswa - ruswa ikoreshwa cyane mukurinda ubushyuhe. Ukoresheje icyuma cyoroshye cyane cyangwa igifuniko kidasanzwe hejuru yikibanza, ibintu byangiza hamwe nububiko bubi birashobora kwigunga neza.
Igikoresho gikunze gukoreshwa ni CH - 784 epoxy amino anti-ruswa.
(3) Kunoza ibikoresho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe
Kurinda ruswa iterwa nubwiza bwamazi nibitangazamakuru bikaze, ibikoresho byatoranijwe birashobora gutoranywa.
Guhinduranya ubushyuhe bikozwe mu byuma bitagira umwanda, ibivangwa n'umuringa, hamwe na titanium bivanze muri rusange bitanga imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa. Nyamara, ibiciro byabo byo hejuru bigabanya imikoreshereze yinganda zimwe.
3.2 Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusudira Ubushyuhe bwo Guhindura Flange Crack Gusana
Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo gusana ikonje ikonje ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya inganda.
Ubuhanga bwo gusudira bukonje bukonje nubuhanga bushya bwo gusana bwakozwe bushingiye kuri gaze - uburyo bwo gusudira bukingiwe. Irakoreshwa kenshi mugusana no gufata neza ibyuma byangiza ubushyuhe mu nganda za peteroli.
Ibintu nyamukuru biranga harimo:
(1) Ubushyuhe buke bwinjiza nigihe gito cyo gusudira
Ubushyuhe butangwa mugihe cyo gusudira ni buke cyane. Igikorwa cyo gusudira gifata milisegonda mirongo gusa, wirinda ibibazo nka annealing ibara.
(2) Pisine ntoya yo gusudira hamwe nubwiza buhebuje bwo gusana
Ibidendezi byo gusudira biri munsi ya 2 mm³. Ikwirakwizwa ryimyitwarire iratatanye, igabanya imihangayiko yibanze kubintu byasanwe.
Inzira ntabwo itera gucika cyangwa guhindura ibintu. Byongeye kandi, kurinda gazi ya inert irinda gukora imyenge ninshi, bikavamo ubuso bunoze kandi busukuye.
(3) Ibikoresho byegeranye kandi bikwiranye no gusana ikibanza -
Ibikoresho byo gusudira ni bito kandi bikwiranye nukuri - igihe cyo gusana umurima.
Ubwinshi bwinsinga zo gusudira zirashobora gutoranywa, zemerera gusana ibyuma bihindura ubushyuhe bikozwe mubikoresho bitandukanye.
4. Icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko inzira zitandukanye zisabwa zisaba ubwoko butandukanye bwo guhanahana ubushyuhe. Mubyongeyeho, ibangikanye cyangwa urutonde rwimyanya yubushyuhe bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere ya sisitemu yose.
Guhitamo no guhuza ibice nabyo ni ibintu bikomeye. Kwizerwa - igishushanyo mbonera gisaba ko ibice bifite imiterere ihagije kugirango ihangane nuburyo butandukanye bwo gukora, ihinduka ryimitwaro itunguranye, hamwe nimpinduka ziterwa nibibazo bikunze kugaragara mubikorwa bya peteroli. Igishushanyo mbonera gitanga iterambere hejuru yimipaka yuburyo busanzwe bwo gushushanya.
Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, iterambere ry’ejo hazaza ntirigomba kwibanda gusa ku kunoza imiterere ihanahana ubushyuhe ahubwo inita cyane ku iterambere ry’ibikoresho bigezweho byo guhanahana ubushyuhe.
Muri utwo turere tw’ubushakashatsi, tekinoroji yo guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwa tekinoroji ifite ubushobozi bukomeye. Icyerekezo kizaza cyo gutera imbere kirimo:
Igishushanyo cyoroheje;
Hejuru - ubushyuhe n'uburebure - birwanya umuvuduko;
Kurwanya ruswa nziza;
Amafaranga yo gukora make;
Ibikorwa byinshi byubukungu no kubungabunga.
Kugeza ubu, iterambere rya tekinoroji yigana na software yubuhanga nabyo birahinduka icyerekezo cyingenzi cyubushakashatsi. Izi tekinoroji zirashobora gutanga ubuyobozi bwiza muburyo bwo guhanura nabi, gukora isuku yikizamini, no gusuzuma imikorere.
